The World Of Adventure And Survival - 1273 Words

Post-apocalyptic novels tend to include the destruction and termination of the Earth as we know it. It usually involves situations such as the spread of malicious diseases, natural disasters, man-made disasters, alien invasions, or war as a whole. Readers tend to enjoy this literary genre because it is a fun way to evaluate all of the population’s future obstacles with the classic tales of adventure and survival. Authors benefit from writing in this category because it lets them write creatively with a larger theme in mind. So while mankind’s future makes a great doomsday novel, in The Host, Stephenie Meyer chooses to write on the alien’s perspective to make readers question what it means to care for another. Although this is a broad†¦show more content†¦She was gleeful. It was always harder to control her when I was distracted by emotion like this. I tried to calm myself so that I would be able to put her in her place. You are in my place. Her thought was faint but intelligible. How much worse it was getting; she was strong enough to speak to me now whenever she wished. It was as bad as that first minute of consciousness. Go away. It’s my place now. Never. (Meyer, Chapter 5) In the text from above, the sentence begins with â€Å"of course† because, for Wanderer, Melanie is a persistent nuisance that makes her presence known at the worst of times (Meyer 5). Reader’s can practically feel her desperation and frustration with this newly found weakness. Melanie, however, is described as â€Å"smug† and â€Å"gleeful (Meyer 5).† She seeks to bring her enemy as much pain as she can exhibit, which is not a lot when you are on mental lockdown. As the passage continues, the interesting phrasing is the continual use of â€Å"I† and â€Å"my.† Both of the individuals want to separate themselves from the other as much as possible by showing their dominance and possession of the body. Because the two characters are unable to fight it out physically, a language battle is a better alternative. This is a bigger advantage for Melanie because it keeps Wanderer’s attention on her mind and not herShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ga ry Paulsen: A Life of Adventure and Survival 866 Words   |  4 PagesGary Paulsen: A Life of Adventure and Survival Gary Paulsen’s whole life reflects his life of adventures and survival in the wilderness and his writing reflects his experiences. Living in the remote Minnesota woods Paulsen released Some Birds Dont Fly in 1966 (Trelease), and began his professional writing career and now has achieved three Newbery Honor Books with his novels - Hatchet, The Winter Room and Dogsong (Pendergast). Paulsen’s most popular book, Hatchet, a story of a young boy named BrianRead MoreJack London s Build A Fire1321 Words   |  6 Pageswith survival and indifference in the environment; instinct as opposed to intellectualism, and lower classes are depicted as equal characters. As such, the narrative is anchored on settings and character of the language used to gauge an individual. â€Å"To Survive, You Need to Build a Fire†, the title of the story is a conflicting instinct between man and nature. London story brings out naturalism and indicates that if man does not collaborate with nature he will not survive. As such, survival benefitsRead MoreShould Gamers Be Prosecuted For Virtual Stealing?1378 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing in the pits of the gaming world. Within Minecraft, there are three methods of gaming: Creative, Survival, and Adventure. Creative is a game mode in which the player can take no damage, cannot be killed, can fly, and has an infinite amount of resources available to him/her. Creative mode is typically used to test ideas for architecture, machinery, farming, and anything else that you wouldn’t want to risk dying over in Survival mode. Speaking of, in Survival mode, the player can take damageRead MoreAlices Adventures in Wonderland1304 Words   |  5 PagesIs Alices Adventures in Wonderland as absurd and nonsensical as it seems to be—without any traces of morals hiding underneath the bizarre shaped tea cups and crooked smiles? Alices Adventures in Wonderland, written by an English author in 1865 under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, contains obscurities that leave people uncertain due to the nonsense. The novel holds many obscurities, such as a disappearing Cheshire Cat, a personified rabbit, and a caterpillar who smokes from a hookah. These charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Robinson Crusoe s Robinson 1412 Words   |  6 Pageswealthy family in England who is seeking adventures. 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For instance, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe follows the story of an Englishman who goes toRead More Adventure Education and Wilderness Sports1275 Words   |  6 Pagessomething and do not receive the results you want? I know you are not and nobo dy is. Everyone wants improvement in the world and people are happy and satisfied when everything is right. This concept can be applied to the world of physical education in today’s society. Obesity has slowly become one of the most problematic diseases that exist in the United States and the world today. The U.S. has been greatly impacted by this disease and more and more people in today’s society are overweight, unhealthy

Policy Recommendation Police Brutality - 3814 Words

Policy Recommendation: Police Brutality Robert Todora American Government and Economics Barker - F May 4, 2015 Section 1: Introduction and Facts The impact of police brutality has been profound. It has done considerable damage to our country. Not only has it heightened racial tensions and created a culture of fear in certain cities, it is now becoming increasingly prevalent due to the lack of accountability taken towards officers’ actions. Right now, police brutality is a very sensitive subject because there have been so many recent cases of it, such as the shooting of Michael Brown. That is why this problem needs to be dealt with immediately, so no more riots will happen and so the reputation of our nation’s law enforcement will not be forever tainted. Police brutality is defined by Encyclopedia.com as, â€Å"the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose.† This definition entails many specific types of â€Å"brutality†, which include excessive force, false imprisonment, and violation of the rights of pretrial detainees. All of these types of police brutality are illegal and are currently happening, and that is why this issue needs to be dealt with quickly and efficiently. Excessive force used from a police officer includes hitting or roughing up a person who is unarmed, not posing a threat, or is following the officer’s directions. It also happens if an officer uses force after he or she has restrained the suspect ofShow MoreRelatedRace, Racism, And Racial Disparities1551 Words   |  7 Pages Race, Racism, and Racial Disparities in Police Brutality I. Introduction In recent years and in light of recent tragedies, police actions, specifically police brutality, has come into view of a large, public and rather critical eye. The power to take life rests in the final stage of the criminal justice system. However, the controversy lies where due process does not. While the use of deadly force is defined and limited by departmental policies, it remains an act guided chiefly by the judgment ofRead MoreThe Conflict Of Police Brutality Essay802 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide critical analysis on a crucial social issue facing the United States. This issue is police brutality, especially against minority, particularly black Americans. I will attempt to do this with the root cause tool of critical analysis and problem solving. The conflict of police brutality has made national and international news. It has also sparked a new social movement. While police brutality is not limited to minorities, the rate that it used against African American individuals is alarmingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Racism And Brutality By Cassandra Chaney1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article, Racism and Brutality in America, author Cassandra Chaney presented the case of Rodney King, a forty-seven year old African-American taxi driver, who was brutally attacked four LAPD police officers. According to her novel, the aim of her study was â€Å"to examine how the public generally perceive police and how race and racism shape this discourse.† Unfortunately, the public was left clueless. 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This issue has spread throughout the United States of America, and is putting the lives of our citizens in great danger. Police brutality is not only physical, but it can also be verbal attacks; and, in most cases, it is caused by false arrest and racial profiling due to police corruption. Police brutality has been and contin ues to be a majorRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1333 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality goes back many decades and actually happens a lot less the it did in the 60’s it is just seems like it occurs more due to the development of social media today. During the Civil Rights Movement that began in 1963 African Americans mostly in the South took the majority of these police brutalities. For example In the 60’s blacks were beaten with batons and cattle prods as they attempted to vote at a court house that was in Selma, Alabama. The subjects that received the beatings wereRead MoreAre Police Society s New Criminal?1615 Words   |  7 PagesAre police society’s new criminal? To civilians they are in fact the new criminals. Throughout the years society has lost respect for law enforcement. Day after day civilians are dying from the hands of law enforcement, some are justified and some are not. Forcing the people to loose trust in the officer s of the law. Minorities in particular fear them and are more likely to die from an encounter with the police. Police officers need to be held accountable for their actions as well as the higher upsRead MoreShould Body Cameras Be Used?1534 Words   |  7 Pagesfairly common recommendation for reducing police misconduct to increase use of body cameras. By recording police-citizen encounters, police supervisors, judges, reporters, and others can get objective evidence of what happened instead of self serving hearsay. 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Black male Eric Garner was supposedly confronted for selling cigarettes on the street, one of the officers Daniel Pantaleo who had Eric in a chokehold which caused the death of him. This took place on July 17th, 2014 in Staten Island, New York City. Within the department I was surprised on female African American NYPD Sargent Kissy Adoni on how she did not intervene. As a result of Garner s death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered

Communication and Global Social Change †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Global Social Change. Answer: Introduction Every organization utilizes internal and external communication for interacting with its stakeholders. Business communication has evolved over the last two decades. Effective communication provides a competitive advantage to an organization irrespective of the industry in which it operates (Lee, 2014). The internal and external stakeholders that matter to an organization include suppliers of raw material, investors, support groups, end-consumers, employees working for the company, government bodies etc. Effective communication helps to gain the trust of the stakeholders. In an organization, it is almost impossible to manage a team without proper communication. Team management requires effective communication of objectives, tasks, and responsibilities (Lee, 2014). A proper flow of communication is required between the team members and their leader for sharing creative ideas. A manager is required to communicate with his team members for providing constructive feedback. Nowadays, internal and external communication depends upon Information Technology (Lee, 2014). Organizations communicate with the customers through their official websites, internet marketing, advertisements and social media pages. Communication within the organization takes place through online portals, telephonic conversations, e-mails, word processor, multimedia, instant messages, and video-conferencing. Verbal and non-verbal communication both help in conveying the message in an effective manner (Minter, 2010). Promotional activities like advertisements are used for communicating with the customers. Online and offline modes are utilized for connecting with consumers in different geographical locations. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) strategies help to create awareness and boost sales (Minter, 2010). While communicating with the stakeholders it is important to maintain transp arency and honesty. Misleading facts and figures can tarnish the brand image. Lack of proper communication results in: low revenue generation, loss of existing customers, internal conflicts, ego clashes, high employee turnover, failure to achieve targets, low levels of customer satisfaction etc. Aim and Objectives The main purpose of this study is to understand the importance of effective business communication. This research helps to analyze the impact of effective communication on business growth and market share. There are several theories and concepts pertaining to business communication (Ostendorf, 2012). This study traces the practical application of these theories in an actual business environment. Thus, this research helps to establish a connection between the theories/ concepts and the real-life business environment. This study also helps us to understand the different methods used by an organization for internal and external business communication. Following are the objectives of this research in order to fulfill the aim of this study: To understand the importance of interpersonal skills. To understand the impact of social media marketing on revenue generation. To evaluate the role of non-verbal communication (Ostendorf, 2012). This study is limited to the business operations of Dominos. A similar study can be conducted for organizations operating in different industries but this report is based on the business context of Dominos (Kim and Kim, 2016). A limited set of theories has been used for this study. Ten theories/ concepts have been used for this study. The theories that form a basis of this report include Transmission model theory given by Shannon/ Warren in 1949, Transaction model theory given by Mohan in 2004 (Rentz, 2007), the nature of discourse theory given by Gay in 1996, the Motion and Leitch theory given in 2008, Silent Message theory given by Mehrabian in 1971 (Rentz, 2007), Interpersonal and Emotional message theory given by Hargie in 2011, the Intercultural Communication theory given by Mohan, Proxemics theory given by Edward Hall in 1996 (Rentz, 2007), SMCR Model of communication theory and Face Communication theory given by Blum in 1998 (Kim and Kim, 2016). A limited sample size of 80 has been used to carry out this research. This subject has a wide application across different industries and companies operating in different countries. Thus, the sample size chosen for this study is relatively small for drawing conclusions about the relation of theories related to business communication with actual business scenarios. Literature Review The Transmission model theory is given by Shannon and Warren elaborates the communication process. This theory states that the noise may distort the message. In an office setting, the noise may cause a distraction during a telephonic conversation or face-to-face interaction. According to this theory, there are three levels of problems- effective, technical and semantic (coach, 2017). Transaction model theory assumes the communicators to be inter-dependent on each other. The efficiency of communication depends upon the medium (coach, 2017). For example, there is a possibility of loss of message during a telephonic conversation. Psychological and physical noise acts as communication barriers. The discourse theory given by Leitch highlights the importance of social media and public relations. The discourse theory given by Gay states that knowledge can be created by using a certain language (coach, 2017). The Silent Message theory by Mehrabian deals with the non-verbal communication. Thi s includes facial expressions, eye contact, hand gestures and body language. By understanding these aspects of communication, one can develop perceptions about other people. This theory proposes the 7-38-55 rule where 7 percent of total communication consists of a choice of words, 38 percent consists of voice and 55 percent consists of body language (Waisbord, 2015). The Interpersonal and Emotional message theory by Hargie focuses on effective interpersonal skills. This theory states that interpersonal skills consist of non-verbal communication, team participation, negotiating ability, assertiveness, the ability to persuading others, ability to initiate an interaction, ability to explain something, listening skills, reflecting skills, the ability to question and self-disclosure (Worley, 2010). The Intercultural Communication theory by Mohan discusses the impact of culture on communication and vice-versa. Social media plays an important role in promoting intercultural communication. Organizations choose to advertise through the internet in order to reach people with the diverse cultural background. Creativity plays an important role in intercultural communication. The Proxemics theory by Edward Hall is based on non-verbal communication (Bednar, 2008). This theory explains the use of space/ distance for communication. There are different types of distances- public, social, personal and intimate. This theory states that the communication between two people depends on the physical distance between them. This theory divides the culture into two categories- non-contact and contact. The Face Communication theory by Blum states that there are 6 basic facial expressions- happiness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, and sadness. Apart from biology, facial expressions are governed by cultural attitudes. SMCR model of communication discusses the different components involved in communication. The components include sender, receiver, message, and channel (Bednar, 2008). Method Of Research A descriptive research has been conducted for meeting the aim and objectives of this study. Primary data has been used for preparing this report. Qualitative analysis has been done on the basis of acquired data. Surveys are quite effective for conducting a qualitative analysis (Anders, 2016). A questionnaire has been used for collecting the primary data that has been used in this study. Formulating a questionnaire is an important aspect of a primary study because the results and conclusions depend upon the questionnaire. A Likert scale has been used for developing the questionnaire. The survey was conducted by through face-to-face interaction and e-mail (Anders, 2016). The respondents were made to answer the questions after giving them a brief about the purpose of the study. The information obtained through survey was compiled and stored in a spreadsheet. Data analysis helped to draw conclusions for the study. The employees of Dominos have been surveyed for this study. The responses obtained from 80 respondents have been analyzed. Convenient sampling technique was used for selecting the respondents for the survey. The following results have been obtained through data analysis: More than 60 percent of the respondents have admitted social media marketing impacts their buying decisions. 75 percent of the respondents believe that organizations use social media for understanding the consumers in a better way. More than 45 percent of respondents said that sharing information about CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities helps to improve brand reputation. Around 80 percent of respondents believe that innovative advertising ideas help in acquiring a competitive advantage. 92 percent of respondents said that the organization considers customer feedback for developing a new product or improving the quality of the existing product. More than 95 percent of respondents consider non-verbal communication to be equally important for conveying a message. 85 percent of respondents believe that face-to-face interaction is the better option for discussing performance or new project. More than 50 percent of employees said that non-verbal communication (body language, the tone of the voice and facial expression) helps to analyze that the other person is being dishonest. More than 70 percent of respondents have agreed that interpersonal skills are essential for becoming a supervisor/ team leader. Only 35 percent of the respondents feel that employee with good interpersonal skills is more confident at the workplace. 65 percent of respondents have agreed that employee with good interpersonal skills has a better relationship with co-workers and growth opportunities. Conclusion Almost every theory considered for this study is applicable in real-life business context. Interpersonal skills play an important role in defining the growth prospects and relationship with other employees. In is imperative to have interpersonal skills for becoming an effective leader. Social media marketing plays an important role in revenue generation by boosting sales. Apart from creating awareness, organizations utilize social media for understanding customer needs and preferences. Non-verbal communication plays a very important role in business communication. It helps to interpret the message in best possible manner. Recommendations Organizations should increase their dependence on social media marketing. It is a cost-effective communication tool for establishing a relation with customers. Every employee should focus on developing interpersonal skills. These skills help to enhance productivity and increase the scope of recognition at the workplace. These skills differentiate a leader from his followers. Special attention should be given towards non-verbal communication. Body language, expressions, and eye contact convey a lot more than words. Poor non-verbal communication can leave a negative impact on the other person. References Anders, A. (2016). Team Communication Platforms and Emergent Social Collaboration Practices.International Journal of Business Communication, 53(2), pp.224-261. Bednar, L. (2008). Learning the Intricacies of Effective Communication Through Game Design.Business Communication Quarterly, 71(1), pp.68-71. coach, b. (2017).What is Electronic Communication in Business? Media. [online] Business Communication. Available at: https://bizcommunicationcoach.com/what-is-electronic-communication-in-business-types/ [Accessed 2 May 2017]. Kim, M. and Kim, N. (2016). A study on the type of communication within organization affectingthecultureof learningtransfer.Korean Review of Corporation Management, 7(2), p.93. Lee, Y. (2014). Communication within the organization effects on job involvement perceived by a social welfare government officer.Journal of community welfare, 49(2). Minter, R. (2010). Organizational Communication Audits: Assessing Core Communication Competencies Within The Organization.International Journal of Management Information Systems (IJMIS), 14(5). Ostendorf, A. (2012). Book Review: Intercultural Business Communication.Business Communication Quarterly, 75(2), pp.221-224. Rentz, K. (2007). Outstanding Article in Business Communication Quarterly.Business Communication Quarterly, 70(2), pp.243-246. Waisbord, S. (2015). Three Challenges for Communication and Global Social Change.Communication Theory, 25(2), pp.144-165. Worley, R. (2010). Business Communication and New Media.Business Communication Quarterly, 73(4), pp.432-434.

WHite horse of ALih Essay Example

WHite horse of ALih Paper ENGLISH 7- PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 7:30 8:55 TTHS DECEMBER 14, 2013 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE SHORT STORY THE WHITE HORSE OF ALIH THE MOVIE BAGONG BUWAN A. Comparative Analysis a. Characters The White Horse of alih Setting The story happened on July 4 th in a city with a parade of people. Characters Alih a Moro who plans for killing the people celebrating theFilipino- American Friendship Day Omar the older brother of Allh who dictates him on what to doin every aspects of his life 0 Imam the village priest who tried to dissuade the two brothers,he explain to them that the prophets did not teach to do it 0 Lucy girl who lived in the reservation area where theAmericans live-she is the first girl Alih liked 0 Fermina a beautiful bar maid with a mole near her mouth- Alih likes her so much but the woman doesnt like himbecause of his impertinent manner towards her. plot Conflict- Alih did not want to kill but the fear he had for hisbrother hile he was growing urged him to the killings and alsobecause his brother taught him that killing will be their way towash away their shame and gain respect for their father haddied by the American soldiers without any reason. Complication- when they decided to become merchants therewere rebels who stole their Rising Action He saw a float with a girl whom he thought of as Fermina. We will write a custom essay sample on WHite horse of ALih specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on WHite horse of ALih specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on WHite horse of ALih specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He went near the float and assisted the girl to godown to the ground and found out that it is Fermina when esaw the little black mole on the corner of the girls mouth Climax- As he was about to hold her completely, Omar camebut to his surprise, he was drunk and tipsy! All along, he realizedthat Omar had been drinking tuba. Omar was about to killFermina. Falling Action- Alih kills his brother despite their plans to gainthe white horse for him to protect Fermina. Theme- the short story tells about the tradition, beliefs and faith of the Filipinos Point of View third person limited [continues]

Faith vs Reason free essay sample

Faith VS. Reason I believe that by definition faith and reason contradict each other, causing them to be incompatible. A person who relies on reason to interpret reality is using logic, probability, and induction to arrive at conclusions about the world. The use of faith, by definition, is to go against these principles. It is to believe in or arrive at a conclusion that is not the most reasonable option, thus why it is an act of faith. Faith is not simply an alternative way of coming to sound conclusions, equal to eason but applicable in different situations. Faith is only plausible as a basis for beliefs if the use of reason is not a viable option. When a position is based upon reason, then the validity and adoption of that position is determined by the strength of the logic, evidence, and arguments that it consists of. When the reasons are strong, then belief should be strong; conversely, when the reasons are weak, then belief should be weak as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Faith vs Reason or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The same, however, cannot be said for the use of faith. When a position is based upon faith, it is by definition arbitrary. To say your belief or onclusion is based on faith is to admit it is not the most reasonable or logically sound choice. The majority of religions are a good example of faith, since many actually preach faith as an important virtue. If you say you cant understand why God would let innocent people die, or animals get abused, or anything else, they state youre not supposed to understand why. Youre supposed to Just believe, to simply take it on faith. Believe without reason, without evidence, and without understanding. Richard Dawkins, an avid supporter of the use of reason over faith went as far as to say: Faith s the great cop-out, the great excuse to evade the need to think and evaluate evidence. Faith is belief in spite of, even perhaps because of, the lack of evidence. This is in direct contrast with reason; reason requires evidence to form a conclusion. It doesnt ignore or evade known facts. It is a process by which you try to formulate a conclusion based on an analysis of all the facts. It absolutely never accepts anything without causation or sound reason. Another issue when discussing the compatibility of faith and reason is if you accept an idea on faith, it can conflict with the ideas youve accepted with reason. To comprehend and integrate the different ideas, you have to reconcile those beliefs. That means either discarding the ideas based on faith and staying true to reason, or more likely throwing out reason and sticking with the ideas formed by faith. Imagine you are analyzing a thought or theory with reason and the outcome of your analysis conflicts with your faith. If you ignore the contradiction and accept it anyway, youll be undermining your reasoning process. Reason requires a logical exploration of the data, weeding out any contradictions it finds. If you allow the contradiction anyway, oull have to suspend your reasoning ability. And that means youll be accepting the and reason recedes. If, on the other hand you dont ignore the contradiction, but accept it as valid, youll use your reasoning method on incorrect facts. An example of this can be taken from critics of creationism. If you accept that the universe was created a few thousand years ago, as the bible says, then you have to start interpreting actual facts in this light. When you see the dinosaur bones, youll have to imagine that god put them in the earth to trick everyone or another explanation that acks sound reasoning. If you evaluate everything by use of reason, and remove faith from your thought processes, you will find your self closer to the truth on most issues. I believe it is important to discern between religion and faith, and their uses. While I feel blind faith over sound reasoning has no place in todays society, I do believe that religion does play a useful role. While I do not advocate subscribing to the faith aspect of religions, many do have very positive and uplifting messages that have helped many people. Perhaps this is why many are willing to suspend reason for faith. DNS

Recording of Music on CDs Essays

Recording of Music on CDs Essays Recording of Music on CDs Essay Recording of Music on CDs Essay In the early 1980s when CDs were first introduced, there were required to hold data (e.g. computer software, music etc) in a digital format! What do we all want in a CD? Well for the example we would use a music CD. The main aim would be to create a recording with very high fidelity which means the similarity between the original signal and the reproduced signal. The reproduction of sound which no matter how many times a track is played would still be the same quality as you first played it! In this report, it will show you how analogue and digital technology work with CDs. Analogue Just out of general interest, the word Analogue comes from two Greek words meaning word for word. An example of how another analogue device works is a clock. The hands of the clock make a complete circuit in a minute or in an hour or in half a day, depending on which hand it is. The hands would continually go around just as the Earth turns completely around on its axis in a day. Analogue recordings draw an impression of sound waves in the scribble channel in vinyl records or as variations of magnetic energy in cassette tape. The vinyl records and tape store these pictures of the sound patterns and allow them to be played back over and over again. Figure 1.1 shows a typical analogue cassette tape. There are some problems with this system that I will just highlight: * The information gets mixed up with the errors of the medium. A clock hand that does not keep up with the other hands gives inaccurate information. * Dust in a record groove causes sounds not meant to be there. * Tape imperfections cause hiss that was not part of the original sound. * Fidelity If you have music and play it over and over again on an analogue format then the sound would not be that of the original. In other words the quality of the sound would gradually deteriorate. The graph (Figure 1.0) shows what an analogue signal would look like scratching onto the tin cylinder can! The machine which records it is called Edisons phonograph. Instead of noting it down on a cylinder can, we can do it electronically! You can see an example of this on Figure 1.2 below. The graph is showing the position of the microphone diaphragm (Y axis) over time (X axis). The diaphragm is vibrating on the order of 1,000 oscillations per second. You can see that the vibrations that are noting down the sound are working very quickly! Even saying a hard like hello has a particular tone! The graph is showing it going up and down which resulted 500-hertz (500 oscillations per second) wave. Digital Data The word digital in Latin means digitus or finger, because everyone from an early age learns to count on his/her fingers. We have ten fingers, so with us humans, the common numbering system is to the base 10 (0 to 9). For computers, they use 0 and 1 because they dont have fingers! Usually 0 is off and 1 is on. This is what we call the binary system. With digital recordings, the computer uses the binary coding system to decode and encode. An example: How does it work? We can take a painting for example, if oil was spilled on the painting it is complex to restore what was there before because the oil has become part of the painting. However if someone recorded the painting with a paint-by-number scheme in great detail, the oil wouldnt matter there no numbers assigned to the oil! The artist could redraw the painting by following the number codes exactly. Only this time the oil spillage wouldnt be there! Identical copies can be made from here. Digital data works exactly like this which is why it can reproduce what it had originally just by using numbers. Digital recordings can that avoids the disadvantages that analogue get. It does not try to draw the information that is being saved. As an alternative, it converts the information into a mathematical code that ignores the flaws of whatever medium (The carrier between a source of information and its intended audience!) is storing the data. Figure 1.3 shows what a CD looks like: Converting Data To make output of sound better quality and efficient, we would have to convert an analogue sound into digital before it is outputted! How is this done might you ask? Well digital recording converts the analogue wave into a stream of numbers and records the numbers instead of the wave which we saw on the graph diagrams figures 1.1 and 1.2. The conversion is done by a device called an analogue to-digital converter (ADC). To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analogue waves by a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The analogue wave produced by the DAC is put through an amplifier which produces the sound out through speakers. The sound of a CD would be of the same every time you play it unless for example the numbers that are being converted is corrupted. The analogue wave produced by the DAC will be the same or near enough original analogue waves if the ADC produces accurate numbers and it is sampled at a high rate. Compact Disk (CD) When CDs sampling rate and precision is working, it produces a lot of data. On a CD, the digital numbers produced by the ADC are stored as bytes! Just for fact, it takes just two bytes to represent 65,536 gradations. A CD can store up to 74 minutes of music. Therefore the total amount of digital data that must be stored on a CD is! How is this worked out is what you are thinking? Well the equation for this is by: 44,100 samples/ (channel*second) * 2 bytes/sample * 2 channels * 74 minutes * 60 seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes The CD player The CD player has the job of finding and reading the data stored as bumps on the CD. Considering how small the bumps are, the CD player is very precise when scanning the bumps! A laser and a lens system focus in on and read the bumps. A tracking mechanism moves the laser assembly so that the lasers beam can follow the spiral track which can move up and down the CD. Below on Figure 1.4 shows what is inside of a CD player. Some of the components are labelled so it is easier to distinguish what is what! Regeneration of analogue signals in the CD player Inside the CD player there is a DAC. Inside of the DAC, there is a clock that regenerates the digital data stream of the CD-player. Regeneration is done by something called Phase Locked Loop (PLL) which is located in the input receiver. However in this DAC design an additional PLL is applied between the input receiver and the DA converters. A disadvantage is the PLL has a very slow tracking of frequency changes but it is acceptable because the data stream is generated with very stable X-tal oscillator inside the CD-player. The PLL exists of a Voltage Controlled X-tal Oscillator (VCXO) which is compared with the regenerated clock from the input receiver. This error signal, filtered with a low pass filter with a very low bandwidth (far below the audio range), controls the VCXO. However, the unfiltered error signal is available as an output. We called this output PLL sound. With an ideal CD-player and ideal PLL this signal should be a constant voltage. However after measurement and listening we would know better. At the output a very small signal is present with noise and signal that is some how parallel with the analogue music signal. By connecting an amplifier with high gain to this output, differences between different players could be detected. It is even possible to determine differences between the original CD and several CD-ROM copies (the brand as well as writing speed). There is a link between the sound quality of the CD-player (used as data source only for the DAC) and the signal at the PLL sound output. This feature makes it possible for the DAC owner to listen to the quality of the CD-player and possibly to improve it. The PLL sound output is something like a subjective clock spectrum analyser. Conclusion Over the years, technology has moved very rapidly especially with the recording of music as a digital signal on a CD and the way analogue signal is regenerated on a CD player. Today most would listen to a digital form of music but the processes still involve analogue signals along the way! Here we have showed that although just playing a CD could be as easy as pressing the Play button, the logic and processes are somewhat unknown to many! At the end of the day these advances would only make listening to music more enjoyable for people.

The difference between Islamic and conventional Banks Research Paper

The difference between Islamic and conventional Banks - Research Paper Example Financial scholars have surpassed lasting ambiguous loan contracts practiced by drawing attention of the financial world to the benefits presented by bank products that meet the requirements of Sharia. Most of these products conform to religious backgrounds of the local people; and hence turn out to be attractive to wide fragments of the population in need of financial services they can identify with their cultural beliefs and way of life. Despite these existing trends, little academic evidence and research on the functioning of Islamic banks is recorded. Since its establishment in 1970, Islamic banking has witnessed a significant growth. With the establishment of its operational foundations a few decades ago, the banking model acted as a major vehicle that offer products similar to convenient banks. Numerous academic research and literature have gone further to establish the viability of these types of banks in dealing with finances. It is also evident that the last few decades the banking model has been characterized by an increase in its financial institutions that are spread in all continents. Most importantly financial institutions, in Europe and Asia, operate on Islamic windows and thus provide a convenient banking framework to their clients. Therefore, this paper describes some of the common differences between Islamic and conventional banks (Ali, 2005). Despite the fact that there is growing interest on Islamic banking and Islamic finance literature, a few academic papers about the subjects exist. A policy research working paper by Beck, Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt & Merrouche (2010), confirms that there is a deficiency of academic work highlighting Islam finance trends. This trend contrasts with the increased importance played by Islamic banking in a majority of Muslim countries across Asia and Africa. Based on the details presented, this paper will, hopefully, contribute to the rising literature